Neural Networks and Deep Learning Explained
Artificial intelligence (AI) is all around us, transforming the way we live, work, and interact. Farmers use artificial intelligence and deep learning to analyze their crops and weather conditions. Marketers use machine learning to discover more about your purchase preferences and what ads are impactful for you. The film industry uses artificial intelligence and learning algorithms to create new scenes, cities, and special effects, transforming the way filmmaking is done. Bankers use artificial neural networks and deep learning to discover what to expect from economic trends and investments. Your social media network learns about what you want to see, and uses deep learning to feed you the kinds of content you like and want.
But what really is that underlying technology that makes all this possible? Artificial neural networks and deep networks are a part of artificial intelligence. But for most people, those terms are just buzzwords—they don’t really understand what any of that really means or how it works.
If you want to earn a data science or IT degree, it’s crucial to understand how machine learning and deep learning models are changing the industry. Careers in cloud computing and data analytics are rapidly changing due to AI and deep learning, and it’s important you stay up-to-date on new trends in order to keep up. Discover what neural networks and deep learning are, and how they are revolutionizing the world around you.
What is a neural network?
In the simplest terms, an artificial neural network (ANN) is an example of machine learning that takes information, and helps the computer generate an output based on their knowledge and examples. Machines utilize neural networks and algorithms to help them adapt and learn without having to be reprogrammed. Neural networks are mimics of the human brain, where each neuron or node is responsible for solving a small part of the problem. They pass on what they know and have learned to the other neurons in the network, until the interconnected nodes are able to solve the problem and give an output. Trial and error are a huge part of neural networks and are key in helping the nodes learn. Neural networks are different from computational statistical models because they can learn from new information—computational machine learning is also designed to make accurate predictions, while statistical models are designed to learn about the relationship between variables.
In simple terms, neural networks are fairly easy to understand because they function like the human brain. There is an information input, the information flows between interconnected neurons or nodes inside the network through deep hidden layers and uses algorithms to learn about them, and then the solution is put in an output neuron layer, giving the final prediction or determination.
Parts of a neural network.
There are many elements to a neural network that help it work, including;
Neurons—each neuron or node is a function that takes the output from the layer ahead of it, and spits out a number between 1 and 0, representing true or false
The input layer and input neurons
Hidden layers—these are full of many neurons and a neural network can have many hidden layers inside
Output layer—this is where the result comes after the information is segmented through all the hidden layers
Synapse—this is the connection between neurons and layers inside a neural network
These parts work together to create a neural network that can help make predictions and solve problems. An input is received by input neurons in the input layer, and the information then goes through the synapse connection to the hidden layers. Each neuron inside a hidden layer has a connection to another node in another layer. When the neuron gets information, it sends along some information to the next connected neuron. Algorithms are key in helping dissect the information. The amount of information, or weight, it sends is determined by a mathematical activation function, and the result of the activation function will be a number between 0 and 1. Each layer also has a bias that it calculates in as part of the activation function. The output of that activation function is the input for the next hidden layer, until you get to the output layer. The eventual output in the output layer will be 0 or 1, true or false, to answer the question or make the prediction.
Neural networks and deep learning.
Deep learning is pretty much just a very large neural network, appropriately called a deep neural network. It’s called deep learning because the deep neural networks have many hidden layers, much larger than normal neural networks, that can store and work with more information. Deep learning and deep neural networks are a subset of machine learning that relies on artificial neural networks while machine learning relies solely on algorithms.
Deep learning and deep neural networks are used in many ways today; things like chatbots that pull from deep resources to answer questions are a great example of deep neural networks. Other examples include language recognition, self-driving vehicles, text generation, and more. When more complex algorithms are used, deep neural networks are the key to solving those algorithms quickly and effectively. Deep neural networks are key in helping computers have the resources and space they need to answer complex questions and solve larger problems. Normal neural networks may only have a few hidden layers; deep neural networks may have hundreds of hidden layers to help solve a problem and create an output. The larger a deep neural network is, the more data it will need in order to solve the problem.
How neural networks learn.
Neural networks have to be “taught” in order to get started functioning and learning on their own. They then can learn from the outputs they have put out and the information they get in, but it has to start somewhere. There are a few processes that can be used to help neural networks get started learning.
Training. Neural networks that are trained are given random numbers or weights to begin. They are either supervised or unsupervised for training. Supervised training involves a mechanism that gives the network a grade or corrections. Unsupervised training makes the network work to figure out the inputs without outside help. Most neural networks use supervised training to help it learn more quickly.
Transfer learning. Transfer learning is a technique that involves giving a neural network a similar problem that can then be reused in full or in part to accelerate the training and improve the performance on the problem of interest.
Feature extraction. Feature extraction is taking all of the data to be fed to an input, removing any redundant data, and bundling it into more manageable segments. This cuts down on the memory and computation power needed to run a problem through a neural network, by only giving the network the absolutely necessary information.
Examples of what neural networks can do?
So now that you understand what neural networks are, you need to learn about what they can actually do. There are three main widespread applications for neural networks, and understanding what those look like is important for truly having insight into how neural networks and deep learning are impacting the technology world.
Classification. Classification in neural networking is where the neural networks will segment and separate data based on specific rules that you give them. Classifying is used in supervised training for neural networks. They will classify the data for you and separate it based on your specifications, so you can serve the results based on the different classes. For example, classification neural networks can help marketers separate demographics of customers so you can serve them a unique ad based on their classification.
Clustering. Clustering is similar to classifying in that it separates similar elements, but it is used in unsupervised training, so the groups are not separated based on your requirements. Clustering is commonly used in neural networking when researchers are trying to find the differences between sets of data and learn more about them. In data analytics if a researcher is trying to discover what makes certain groups different, they might try clustering to see if the computer can point out some of the subtle differences.
Predictive analytics. Predictive analytics is used in neural networking to help make determinations about the future. Based on the data a neural network gets, it can help make guesses about what will be in the future. Amazon is a great example of predictive analytics; based on your previous shopping experiences Amazon will show you similar items you might like based on predictive analytics. It learns from your behavior and helps give you the kinds of things you seem interested in.
If you’re going into IT, it’s important to learn about neural networking and deep learning as they become a prevalent element of technology. Neural networks and machine learning aren’t going away, so those entering the IT field need to have a firm understanding of how they work, and how they impact virtually every industry today.
