If you’re like most people, you probably transmit digital information multiple times a day without even thinking about it. Whether it’s sending an email, accessing an account, uploading files, or shopping online, digital communications have become an integral part of everyday life. While these online interactions may seem secure, cybercriminals often lurk in the background, eavesdropping on conversations and searching for ways to exploit your data. Quantum cryptography is a revolutionary approach to cybersecurity that uses physics principles to safeguard sensitive information from prying eyes. If you’re interested in a career that leverages cutting-edge technology and quantum mechanics principles to fight cybercrime, then the quantum cryptography field can be a rewarding choice.   

What Is Quantum Cryptography?

Cryptography prevents eavesdroppers from viewing confidential information through a process called key encryption. First, cryptographic algorithms scramble or “encrypt” the message, making it unreadable. Next, the encrypted message is sent to the intended recipient. If an unauthorized individual intercepts the message during transmission, they’ll only see a nonsensical string of letters and numbers. Once the recipient accepts the message, they use a special code called an encryption key to restore the message to its original, readable form. In traditional cryptography, a public key is used to encrypt messages, and a private key decrypts messages. In quantum cryptography, the encryption key is carried by particles of light called photons. These photons create a tamper-proof communication channel. 

The Quantum Advantage 

Classical cryptography methods use mathematical formulas to encrypt and decrypt messages. The problem with this approach is that future computers may be able to solve the formula and access the encrypted data. Quantum cryptography is much more secure than classical cryptography. 

To fully appreciate the benefits of quantum cryptography, you must first understand a few principles of quantum physics. The first is superposition. When a particle such as a photon is in superposition, it theoretically exists in multiple states at once. The act of observing the particle forces it to take on a definite state. This means that observing a photon fundamentally changes it. 

The second physics concept involved in quantum cryptography is entanglement. When two photons are entangled, a change in one instantly changes the other—regardless of their distance apart. So, if an eavesdropper views a photons-based encryption key, the photons are instantly altered, and the sender can tell that it has been intercepted. Put simply, superposition and entanglement work together to create a built-in security system for messages transmitted through quantum cryptography. 

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) 

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the process of generating and sharing an encryption key. Once the sender and the recipient have the key, it can be used to create and share secure messages. In a QKD system, the encryption key changes plaintext messages into encrypted messages called ciphertext. The ciphertext is then shared with the recipient through Wi-Fi, fiber optic cables, Bluetooth technologies, or another medium. Just as a physical key locks and unlocks a door, an encryption key locks and unlocks a message. Quantum encryption is an extremely secure process due to the nature of photons and other quantum particles. If someone intercepts the key distribution process, it's immediately apparent. This prevents unauthorized individuals from accessing encryption keys and viewing confidential information. 

Real-World Applications and Opportunities 

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an emerging technology designed to make communications more secure and less vulnerable to hacking. Researchers are currently studying how this innovative technology can be integrated into existing systems. Its real-world applications are already starting to take form. In the healthcare sector, several organizations have already implemented quantum cryptography to protect sensitive medical data and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. However, the potential applications for QKD extend far beyond data protection. Security experts warn that quantum computers could undermine the encryption techniques currently used to protect critical infrastructure, such as power grids. This has raised major concerns about the future security and reliability of these essential systems. QKD has the potential to fortify critical infrastructure against quantum attacks. The same technology may also enable governments to develop quantum-secure networks that strengthen military communications. 

Securing Financial Transactions 

Though still in development, financial institutions are currently testing the role of QKD in data protection and inter-bank communications. JP Morgan Chase has partnered with Toshiba and Ciena to develop a QKD network for metropolitan-scale use. Researchers state that the network will be able to instantly detect and counteract eavesdropping. QKD may soon be used for international bank transfers, wealth management, fraud prevention, investment banking, cryptocurrency storage, and other purposes within the financial sector.   

Protecting Government and Military Communications 

In matters of national security, eavesdropping can have catastrophic consequences. QKD shows potential for securing government communications in a way that prevents interception by unauthorized parties. Several countries, including members of NATO, are currently researching QKD’s role in securing long-distance communications. In 2017, China used a satellite to perform the first quantum-encrypted virtual teleconference between Vienna and Beijing, marking a major milestone in the development of QKD communications. While this technology offers theoretically impenetrable security, there are also concerns about its practical applicability. The National Security Agency (NSA) states that QKD is only a “partial solution,” explaining that post-quantum cryptography (PQC) will be more effective. 

The Future of Quantum Cryptography 

The future of quantum cryptography is still unknown, but the possibilities for this technology are nearly endless. From banking and data security to international communications, this cutting-edge technology has the potential to revolutionize the way humans generate, store, and transmit data. “Quantum tokens” have also emerged as a new approach to digital signatures and forgery protection. These tokens leverage physics principles, such as the “no-cloning theorem,” to protect confidential data, secure digital transactions, and verify identities. 

Quantum Computing and Cryptography 

Quantum computing is a branch of computer science that harnesses the power of quantum mechanics to perform massive operations in the blink of an eye. While this technology is still in its infancy, experts believe that quantum computers will be able to solve problems considered impossible for traditional computers. There is also a concern that quantum computers can hack classical encryption techniques, which is why there is a push for quantum-proof encryption methods such as quantum key distribution and post-quantum cryptography.

Ongoing Research and Development 

Quantum computing is evolving rapidly, with cutting-edge experiments and research projects pushing the boundaries of innovation. Just recently, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) finalized encryption algorithms designed to resist quantum computer cyberattacks. Other researchers are developing safeguards from quantum computing capabilities that don’t even exist yet, making this one of the most groundbreaking fields possible. While the future of quantum cryptography is still a mystery, there is no doubt that quantum discoveries will alter the development of technology for decades to come. For students with an interest in computer science, quantum cryptography offers an exciting opportunity to explore the edges of innovation. 

Preparing for a Career in Quantum Cryptography

Quantum cryptography is a highly specialized field. If you’re interested in a career in quantum cryptography, you’ll need a comprehensive understanding of advanced mathematics, physics, quantum mechanics, information technology, and computer science principles. The field also requires robust analytical thinking, attention to detail, and problem-solving skills. You can get started by earning a bachelor’s degree in information technology, computer science, physics, or cybersecurity. This will help you gain skills in programming, data analysis, network protocols, cybersecurity, and other basics. Next, secure an entry-level position so you can apply what you’ve learned. Many people pursuing a career in quantum cryptography start out as computer programmers, software engineers, research assistants, cybersecurity analysts, or engineering assistants. To qualify for higher-level roles specifically focusing on quantum cryptography, you’ll likely need a master’s or Ph.D. in physics, computer engineering, computer science, mathematics, cybersecurity, or a related field.  

Developing Essential Skills 

Quantum cryptography is an interdisciplinary specialization that incorporates physics, mathematics, computer science, engineering, optics, and quantum mechanics. To thrive in this multifaceted field, you’ll need a mix of technical abilities and soft skills, including proficiency in: 

• Programming languages, including Python, C++, Q#, and Qiskit
• Data analysis and data modeling techniques 
• Computer networking
• Quantum mechanics
• Advanced mathematics
• Physics
• Problem-solving
• Collaboration
• Time management
• Professional communication 

Embark on Your Quantum Cryptography Journey with WGU 

Pursuing a career in quantum cryptography may seem daunting, but the path to success begins with a single step. If you’re ready to get started, a degree from WGU can provide the educational groundwork. WGU offers bachelor’s degrees in cybersecurity and information assurance, computer science, network engineering and security, software engineering, information technology, and other fast-growing fields. Our online, competency-based education model enables you to gain relevant industry skills from the comfort of your home and at a pace that suits your needs. At WGU, you don’t have to wait until the end of the term to take an exam and pass a course. Instead, you advance through courses as quickly as you demonstrate mastery of the material. Whether you’re a full-time professional or just out of high school, WGU has a degree program for you. Take the next step toward a rewarding career by applying today.