From Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928 to the development of the COVID-19 vaccine nearly a century later, public health research has paved the way for breakthroughs that help people live longer, healthier lives. 

The practices and procedures involved in public health research vary. Some studies utilize surveys and questionnaires to better understand how lifestyle choices and beliefs about the medical field can influence health outcomes. Other research projects investigate diseases by evaluating risk factors, genetic markers, and population trends. Public health research can also encompass explorations into the social determinants of health and the impact of biases and inequalities on health outcomes. These examples illustrate only a small portion of the approaches, techniques, and objectives of public health research. Keep reading to learn more about how scientists and medical professionals harness innovative research strategies to improve public health. 

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods 

Public health research falls into two broad categories: quantitative methods and qualitative methods. Combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive overview of the factors influencing public health, empowering researchers to develop evidence-based interventions. 

Quantitative research employs statistical analyses, experiments, numerical data, and objective facts to identify correlations, trends, and patterns. This methodology seeks to test hypotheses and determine the relationship between variables. For example, researchers may use quantitative methods in a clinical study to determine if an experimental procedure has a measurable impact on health outcomes. Quantitative research methods are objective and precise. The results from these investigations can typically be applied to large populations. However, quantitative research studies can also lack context and may oversimplify complicated health events. 

While quantitative research seeks to answer the question of “what,” qualitative research answers the questions of “how” and “why.” For example, a qualitative research study may involve interviewing patients about how their symptoms affect their ability to function. Instead of gathering numerical facts about symptom frequency or severity, qualitative research questions might focus on understanding the patient’s subjective experiences, emotions, and challenges. Qualitative data incorporates a subject’s voice and viewpoint, often providing greater context and in-depth information. However, because it is subjective and involves the researchers’ interpretation, qualitative research methods can also introduce bias. Qualitative research often involves smaller sample sizes, so it may not be as broadly applicable as quantitative research. During public health inquiries, researchers often use “mixed methods” approaches that integrate quantitative and qualitative data to gain a holistic understanding of the subject matter. 

The Role of Research Assistants in Public Health 

Research assistants are crucial in developing evidence-based practices that enhance public health. While their job duties vary, research assistants are typically involved in every step of the research process. Handling much of the hands-on work involved in data collection, they recruit participants for focus groups or other studies, conduct intake assessments and interviews, and gather data from surveys and questionnaires. They also perform preliminary data cleaning and transformation tasks to prepare data for analysis. Additionally, research assistants summarize and convey findings through presentations and reports.

Specific Research Methods Used in Public Health 

Public health researchers use a range of different research designs to gather, analyze, and interpret data. This multifaceted approach facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of complex public health concerns and their potential solutions. Some of the most common public health research methods include: 

• Observational studies. During this type of study, researchers record information about health events without changing any of the variables. For example, epidemiological studies explore how diseases spread through populations by observing individuals and identifying the disease’s causes and contributing factors. 
• Randomized controlled trials. Unlike observational studies, randomized controlled trials involve treatment and control groups. The treatment group receives medication, treatment, or other medical intervention, while the control group does not. Researchers study the differences between the groups to determine the efficacy of the treatment. 
• Surveys and questionnaires. Typically used to collect self-reported data, surveys are essential for both qualitative and quantitative research. For example, researchers might use surveys to investigate mental well-being and stress among college students or assess public perceptions of healthcare services.
• Case studies. Case studies are in-depth investigations of specific individuals or groups. For example, a case study may explore a single patient’s symptoms, medical treatments, and clinical outcomes. 
• Longitudinal studies. By tracking individuals over an extended period of time, longitudinal studies help researchers understand the long-term impacts of various health determinants. 

Data Collection and Analysis

Data is the backbone of public health research. During primary data collection, researchers gather information directly from original sources such as observations, interviews, and surveys. In contrast, secondary data collection involves gathering and analyzing data from articles, websites, government records, and other reputable publications. Both data collection methods are essential to developing evidence-based public health interventions. 

Researchers use a variety of statistical analysis techniques to extract meaningful insights from data, including:

• Descriptive analysis
• Inferential analysis
• Associational analysis
• Predictive analysis

Essential Skills for Research Assistants 

Individuals who are passionate about making a difference in the public health field are often drawn to research assistant roles. This job involves active participation in research tasks and procedures, including study design, data collection, statistical analysis, and reporting. To thrive in this occupation, public health researchers need expertise in:

• Communication. Research assistants communicate with study participants, principal investigators, and other relevant parties. They are responsible for producing reports, summaries, articles, grant applications, and research proposals, making excellent verbal and written communication skills essential.
• Data analysis. Because they collect, interpret, and visualize digital information, research assistants should be familiar with standard data analysis tools and techniques. 
• Critical thinking. Whether drafting study designs, formulating hypotheses, or interpreting data, research assistants use critical thinking to ensure the validity of the research project. 
• Attention to detail. As accuracy is crucial in scientific studies, research assistants must have excellent attention to detail. 
• Technological proficiency. Research assistants should be familiar with statistical software, data collection and visualization tools, project management platforms, scientific literature databases, and other digital tools.
• Continuous learning mindset. The field of public health is constantly evolving, requiring research assistants to stay up to date with the latest trends and methodologies.

Ethical Considerations in Public Health Research 

• Professionals working in public health research are expected to uphold strict ethical standards. The following protocols ensure the reliability of public health research studies and protect the rights and safety of the participants.
• Informed consent. Researchers must ensure that every participant understands the purpose, procedure, scope, and risks involved in a study. 
• Voluntary participation. Whether a research project focuses on disease prevention, lifestyle choices, health equity, or another topic, all participants must willingly take part in the study without being forced or pressured.
• Confidentiality. Researchers use various techniques to keep participants' medical and personal information private, including data encryption, anonymization, and robust cybersecurity measures. 
• Integrity. Any organization conducting public health research must follow appropriate scientific methods, operate with transparency and honesty, disclose conflicts of interest, and report accurate information.

Impact of Research on Evidence-Based Practices

From chronic disease and mental health concerns to health inequity and accessibility issues, communities worldwide face complex challenges. These issues threaten individual well-being as well as population health. Public health researchers are at the forefront of medical and scientific advancements that address these concerns. Through investigative studies, literature reviews, data analyses, and multidisciplinary collaboration, they develop cutting-edge solutions. Their efforts inform public health policies, facilitate novel healthcare approaches, support the development of new medications and treatments, and ultimately, improve global health outcomes. 

Future Trends in Public Health Research 

Public health research methods will continue to evolve and adapt to meet the dynamic needs of populations and communities. Technological advancements such as AI and machine learning, as well as global health concerns like the COVID-19 pandemic, are actively shaping the future of public health research. This makes it an exciting and lucrative field to enter. 

If you’re interested in a career in public health, obtaining a B.S. in Public Health from WGU can help you acquire the knowledge and skills needed to excel. This degree program covers epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy and management, and other essential topics. If you want to gain an even more in-depth understanding of public health research principles and their practical applications, consider pursuing a Master of Public Health degree. At WGU, students earn their degrees online and can advance through courses as soon as they demonstrate knowledge of the material, potentially saving time and money. Take the next step toward career success by applying today!